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government cut2.jpgThe Jones Act (46 U.S.C. § 30104) is the primary law used by seamen to recover compensatory damages from their employers for injuries sustained in accidents occurring on navigable waters. To recover under the Jones Act, an injured seaman must prove that employer negligence caused the accident. This means that the Jones Act is not a no-fault system for recovering compensation.

Seaman injured on the high seas are entitled to maintenance and cure benefits without regard to fault. (Under general maritime law, a seaman has the right to receive compensation for food, lodging, and medical services resulting from illnesses or injuries suffered while working aboard a ship. Vaughan v. Atkinson, 369 U.S. 527, 531 (1962); see also Langmead v. Admiral Cruises, Inc., 610 So. 2d 565, 567 (Fla. 3d DCA 1992).) Hence, unlike the Jones Act, the maintenance-and-cure system is no-fault.

An employer’s failure of duty to provide prompt and adequate medical care to a sick or injured crewman is actionable under the Jones Act — See generally Olsen v. Am. S.S. Co., 176 F.3d 891, 895 (6th Cir. 1999) — while, under general maritime law, the seaman can bring a separate claim against the employer for maintenance and cure. Are the two types of claims the same? No.
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pinoccio.jpgThe elements of defamation are that the Defendant published a false statement, that the statement was communicated to a third party, and that the Plaintiff suffered damages as a result of the publication. Axelrod v. Califano, 357 So.2d 1048 (Fla. 1st DCA 1978).

In some instances, a qualified privilege exists in the communication. For the communication to be privileged, it “must be made by a person having a duty or interest in the subject matter, to another having a corresponding duty or interest.” Axelrod at 1051. The nature of the duty or interest may be public, personal or private, either legal, judicial, political, moral, or social. It need not be one having the force of a legal obligation; it may be one of imperfect obligation. The interest may arise out of the relationship or status of the parties. Leonard v. Wilson, 150 Fla. 503, 8 So.2d 12 (1942). It is called a qualified or conditional privilege, because the libelous statement must be made in good faith, that is, with a good motive, and not for the purpose of harming the subject of the defamation. Drennen v. Washington Electric Corp., 328 So.2d 52, 55 (Fla. 1st DCA 1976).
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pregnant.jpgFederal law, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) — see 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e et seq.; 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e-2 — expressly forbids sex discrimination on the basis of pregnancy. Florida’s discrimination statute, the Florida Civil Rights Act of 1992, does not. See Fla. Stat. Section 760.10.

While Florida’s statute does not expressly prohibit discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, one Florida appellate court, the Fourth District Court of Appeals has decided that a cause of action does exist under Section 760.10 for discrimination in employment based on pregnancy. See Carsillo v. City of Lake Worth, 995 So.2d 1118 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008).

Florida has five District Courts of Appeals. While the Fourth has decided that a cause of action does exist under 760.10, the First, in

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people.jpgWinning may not be a victim’s only concern in a personal injury case. Collecting on damages awarded post-victory can be of equal or greater importance.

Not every tortfeasor (at-fault party) is adequately insured or has the independent financial means to satisfy a court judgment. In some instances a non-negligent party, one, perhaps, with the resources to satisfy a judgment, is held legally accountable for the damages caused by another party. This is called vicarious liability. The most common example of vicarious liability involves the owner of a motor vehicle being responsible for the negligence of a permissive user of the vehicle. It is worth repeating that a vicariously liable party need not be negligent.

Florida employers can be liable for the conduct of their employees in two different ways. One is vicarious liability. The other requires active negligence on the part of the employer.

An employer can be vicariously liable for the act of an employee committed (1) within the scope of employment, or (2) during the course of employment and to further a purpose or interest of the employer. Valeo v. East Coast Furniture Co., So.3d , 37 FLW D1820 (Fla. 4th DCA 8-1-2012). In Valeo, following a motor vehicle accident the plaintiff exited his truck and approached the driver’s side window of the defendant’s truck, whereupon the defendant’s employee hit him in the eye with a padlock. The defendant’s driver testified that he hit the plaintiff with a padlock because he thought the plaintiff was trying to rob him of cash he was carrying for the employer. The plaintiff denied being the aggressor. The trial court decided that the employer could not be vicariously liable under these circumstances. The appellate court disagreed, holding that the question was one to be decided by a jury.
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Childbirth.jpgOur previous blog addressed Florida’s statutory scheme, known as NICA (Florida Birth-Related Neurological Injury Compensation Association, Sections 766.301-766.316 Florida Statutes (1988), for providing “compensation, on a no-fault basis, for a limited class of catastrophic injuries that result in unusually high costs for custodial care and rehabilitation.” See Section 766.301(2) Florida Statutes (1988). NICA is the exclusive remedy in cases that meet its requirements. Because its remedies may not be adequate to cover the damages, our blog encourages lawyers to make every effort to avoid NICA where the brain injury was caused by medical negligence. We explained that the remedies available under Florida’s traditional tort system often outweigh those under NICA.

Where NICA can and should be avoided to pursue medical malpractice remedies, the Plaintiff must prove fault and damages to prevail. This blog addresses some of the common causation and damage issues.

Hypoxia, or a lack of oxygen, is the leading cause of brain injury in newborns. During labor, the uterus contracts in order to push the baby through the birth canal. (Pitocin, a drug used to induce labor, intensifies uterine contractions.) Throughout the labor process, obstetrical personnel are able to monitor the fetus’ heart rate and well being through electronic fetal monitoring. (Every labor and delivery unit in every hospital in the country, uses electronic fetal monitoring.) As the labor progresses and the contractions become stronger and more frequent, the baby is exposed to tremendous amounts of stress. As the stress mounts, underlying problems, such as a knotted or twisted umbilical cord, or a placental problem, become heightened. Time is of the essence when a problem is exposed. Any breakdown in the monitoring process, such as through inattention or misinterpretation, can prove costly. Moreover, proper lines of communication must be maintained between the nurses and the obstetrician. A failure to properly alert the physician or of the physician to respond appropriately, can have critical consequences.

The first step in investigating a brain injured baby medical malpractice case is to have the fetal monitoring strips reviewed by an expert for evidence of hypoxia, whether it was documented by the health care providers, and whether they acted appropriately.

Medical malpractice defendants will try to deflect responsibility by blaming the brain injury on something other than a lack of oxygen. Other excuses include infection and inflammation.
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Newborn.jpgClaiming that medical malpractice premiums being charged to obstetric physicians were becoming dangerously high, in 1988 the Florida Legislature enacted legislation creating the Florida Birth-Related Neurological Injury Compensation Association (“NICA”) (Florida Statutes 766.301 – 766.316). The Legislature’s stated intent was to reduce medical malpractice claims by providing “compensation, on a no-fault basis, for a limited class of catastrophic injuries that result in unusually high costs for custodial care and rehabilitation.” Section 766.301(2) Florida Statutes (1988).

NICA sounds good on paper. However, in practice NICA all too often falls short for the neurologically injured infants who require a lifetime of care, and their families.

The differences between the type and amount of compensation available under NICA and a medical malpractice claim can be substantial, with the upside of a successful malpractice claim being of far more benefit to the victim. However, NICA is the exclusive remedy for claims meeting its requirements. In addition, although NICA is a no-fault system, it is administered in an adversarial way to deny and limit benefits, including making families first seek and exhaust benefits under private insurance policies and government programs, an often daunting task under circumstances for less trying than while dealing with the needs of a brain-injured child. There are numerous other hurdles that make NICA far less appealing in practice than in theory.
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Videotape.jpgMost business establishments today maintain some form of video surveillance to capture events, including accidents and assaults, that happen in and around their property.

The key to resolving premises liability claims fairly to all concerned — the injured person and the property owner — is by determining fully what happened.

Frequently, the information has been captured by the videotape camera(s).

Since the videotape is always in the hands of the target defendant, shouldn’t it always be made available to the plaintiff? The answer is, It depends.

In Osmulski v. Oldsmar Fine Wine, Inc., So.3d , 37 FLW D1578 (Fla. 2nd DCA 6-20-2012), the appellate court ruled that the defendant was not obligated to preserve the videotape of the accident without a request from the plaintiff. It ruled this way even though the defendant knew immediately of the accident and it was reasonably foreseeable the plaintiff would bring a claim to be compensated for her serious wrist injury (which required two surgeries and needed at least one more). By the time the request was made, after pre-suit negotiations had failed, the videotape had been deleted.
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crushed vehicle.jpgFault is an essential element of proof in every Florida personal injury negligence case, including motor vehicle accident cases. To recover for losses (economic and property) and personal injuries, the complaining party must prove that his/her damages were caused by another party’s negligence.

Although evidence of who was ticketed by the investigating law enforcement officer may have bearing in pre-trial settlement discussions, the evidence is inadmissible in civil court. Moreover, for traffic infractions that require a court appearance, per Florida Statute 318.19, no contest or not guilty pleas followed by an adjudication of guilt, prevent admissibility of the adjudication in the civil trial. Finally, for some minor infractions, a guilty plea, per Florida Statute 316.650(9) cannot be used as evidence in the civil case.

In some instances a traffic court guilty plea can can be admissible in civil court to prove fault. When a traffic defendant pleads guilty to (1) Any infraction which results in a crash that causes the death of another; and (2) Any infraction which results in a crash that causes “serious bodily injury” of another as defined in s. 316.1933(1), the pleas are admissible in a civil trial. See Mackey v. Reserve Ins. Co., 349 So.2d 830 (Fla. 1st DCA 1977) (A guilty plea to one of the traffic offenses enumerated in F.S. 318.19 is admissible in civil court.)
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car-insurance-policy.jpgThe only motor vehicle insurance coverages the owner of a vehicle registered in Florida must maintain are Personal Injury Protection (PIP) and Property Damage – Liability. Nothing else is required to lawfully operate a vehicle in Florida.

However, if the vehicle owner or a consensual driver of the owner’s vehicle causes an accident involving injury or death, these basic coverages will not prevent the owner from losing his drivers license and having all vehicle registrations suspended. Sections 316.066(3)(a)1 and 324.051(2)(a) Florida Statutes.

There is only one type of insurance coverage that can prevent these these things from happening: Bodily Injury Liability (a/k/a BI). Section 324.021 (7) Florida Statutes. (The Florida Department of Motor Vehicles is responsible for suspending the DL and registrations. It’s current policy is that neither action will be taken until a judgment is entered against the vehicle owner. This requires that a lawsuit be pursued to completion against the vehicle owner.)
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people.jpgBy failing to comply with statutory (and regulatory) (deJesus v. Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, 281 So.2d 198 (Fla.1973)), industry (Seaboard Coast Line R. Co. v. Clark, 491 So.2d 1196 (Fla. 4th DCA 1986), and company safety standards (Steinberg v. Lomenick, 531 So.2d 199 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988), rev. denied, 539 So.2d 476 (Fla.1988) and Mayo v. Publix Super Markets, Inc., 686 So.2d 801 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997)), financial institutions can be held accountable in civil damages to those whose injuries and death — decedent’s survivors are compensated — were proximately caused by crimes associated with the use of ATMs and night cash depositories.

Statutes & Regulations
Florida Statutes 655.960-655.965 contain some safety standards, but are limited in impact by 655.961, which provides: “A violation of the provisions of ss. 655.960-655.965 or any regulation made pursuant thereto does not constitute negligence per se.” Electronic Funds Transfer Act (Regulation E) and the Bank Protection Act (Regulation P) (12 CFR Section 216.1) are federal laws dealing primarily with matters related to the security of the ATMs themselves and to fraudulent transactions, rather than to ATM users’ safety.

Industry Standards

  • Adequate lighting at and around ATMs. The typical minimum standards, including some mandated by law, are 10 foot-candles within five feet of the ATM, and two foot-candles 50 to 60 feet away from the ATM, measured at three feet above ground (Ellis 1996; CUNA Service Group 1999; Illinois Office of Banks and Real Estate 1999). Because these standards can leave gaps in coverage due to factors such as shadows, light-source direction, a qualified lighting designer should plan ATM lighting.
  • Landscape and design for good visibility. Use slow growing shrubbery and plants and trim often. Objects that obstruct views, such as dumpsters, should be removed. Hidden alcoves should not be used.
  • Install mirrors on ATM and in surrounding areas.
  • Install ATMs where there is natural surveillance. In places with a lot of routine vehicle and foot traffic. Experts recommend visibility from three sides.
  • Install ATMs in police stations.
  • Relocate, close or limit hours of operation in high risk locations.

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Contact Information
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Phone: 305-758-4900
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Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410
Phone: 305-758-4900
Fax: 305-758-4949
Email: jgale@jeffgalelaw.com

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