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Along with the right to vote, a free and vigorous jury system is a key element in the ability of Americans to control the type of society in which they live. Efforts by state and federal politicians at placing arbitrary caps on the amount of damages available to parties in civil cases is a direct attack on the jury system, and thus the power of the citizenry to control their own society.

Juries should be allowed to award the full measure of damages justified by the facts of each case after engaging in thoughtful deliberations. For the most part, their verdicts are dead-on appropriate. To argue otherwise is to ignore a large body of statistical evidence and question the ability of everyday people to judge wisely. Moreover, in those rare instances where a jury decides incorrectly, the aggrieved parties, be they the plaintiffs or the defendants, have available to them many tools (e.g. retrial; appeal; etc.) to correct the error.

Arbitrary damage award caps provide immunity from full accountability and should be opposed. Our civil jury system works exceedingly well and should remain free of arbitrary constraints.
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Exemptions are so common in FLSA cases that practitioners accepting new cases are wise to consider the possibility in all but the most obvious situations. Along with determining the amount of overtime hours, if any, logged by employees, disputes over the applicability or not of exemptions have formed the lion share of litigation in the FLSA cases handled in my office.

Common exemptions include (typically, salaried employees):

  • Executives
  • Administrators
  • Professional
  • Outside sales workers
  • Some computer workers

Knowing the case law is a must, but can be frustrating and confusing as the decisions, both regarding factual patterns and legal pronouncements, run the gamut. In some cases, the practitioner is unable to make a clear determination. In those instances, instinct is often the best judge of whether or not a case should be pursued.
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It is both a crime (3rd degree felony – Section 934.03(4) Florida Statutes), and an actionable civil violation (934.10) to record phone calls in Florida without the prior consent of the party or parties being recorded.

Exceptions do apply, see Cohen Brothers, LLC v. ME Corp., S.A., 872 So.2d 321 (Fla. 3DCA 2004), Jatar v. Lamaletto, 758 So.2d 1167 (Fla. 3DCA 2000), cause dismissed 786 So.2d 1186, and Stevenson v. State, 667 So.2d 410 (Fla 1DCA 1996), rehearing denied, but the general rule is that non-consensual recordings are prohibited.
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Unlike prior PIP statutes that applied the “usual and customary” standard to determine allowable charges for medical services, Florida’s 2008 version (627.736), mostly mandates that allowable charges are 200% of prospective payments for the same services under Medicare Parts A & B. (Main exceptions: emergency transportation and emergency hospital services.)

For the most part, the Medicare tie-in reduces the amounts payable to medical providers, and because the PIP statute also explicity prohibits medical providers from balance billing beyond the 20% remaining after PIP’s 80% payment of allowable charges (627.736(5)(a)5.), the Plaintiff’s (patient) out-of-pocket medical expenses are likewise reduced. No longer may a medical provider seek full reimbursement from the patient for charges unpaid after the receipt of PIP payments. Doing so under the 2008 PIP statute is an actionable offense.
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In December, 2008, the Florida Supreme Court, in Kirton v. Fields, 997 So.2d 349 (Fla., 2008), held that a pre-injury release executed by a parent on behalf of a minor child is unenforceable against the minor or the minor’s estate in a tort action arising from injuries resulting from participation in a commercial activity.

In Kirton, 14 year old Christopher Jones died in an ATV crash at a motorsports park. Prior to the crash, his father had signed a release and waiver of liability, assumption of risk, and indemnity agreement to allow his son to ride at the park. Subsequently, Fields, as personal representative of the estate of Christopher Jones, filed suit for wrongful death against Spencer Kirton, Scott Corey Kirton, Dudley Kirton, and the Kirton Brother Lawn Service, Inc. (“the Kirtons”) as owners and operators of Thunder Cross Motor Sports. The trial court entered an order granting the Kirtons’ motion for summary judgment on the wrongful death claim, finding that there was no genuine issue of material fact because the release executed by Mr. Jones on behalf of his minor child, Christopher, barred the claim. On appeal, the Fourth District reversed the trial court’s order granting the motion for summary judgment. The Florida Supreme Court’s majority opinon – one dissent (Wells, J) and two non-participants (Canady and Polston, JJ) – resulted from an appeal of the 4th DCA’s decision.
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law books.jpgFlorida Statues may allow PIP carriers to conduct medical examinations and perform paper reviews, but no authority, including the statute itself, grants PIP carriers license to reference those procedures as an “IME,” “Independent Medical Examination,” or a “Peer Review.” In short, PIP carriers have created the terms out of whole cloth to mislead juries.

The doctors are not independent or conducting peer reviews. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary’s only definition of “peer review” is: a process by which something proposed (as for research or publication) is evaluated by a group of experts in the appropriate field.) They are hired by the defense and paid by the defense. If the jury hears that doctors are “independent” or a “Peer Review,” the jury may be confused into believing or thinking the doctors were appointed by the court, a governing body, or with the approval of the Plaintiff or the Plaintiff’s attorney.

When preparing for trial, the Plaintiff’s attorney should consider moving the court for an In Limine order preventing the insurance company from perpetuating the falsehood.
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A well-established common law principle in Florida is that motor vehicles are “dangerous instrumentalities.” Southern Cotton Oil Co. v. Anderson, 86 So. 629 (Fla. 1920). In 1941, the Florida Supreme Court held that because the use of a dangerous instrumentality involves such a high degree of risk of serious injury or death, whoever deals in such instrumentalities must exercise the “highest degree of care.” Skinner v. Ochiltree, 5 So.2d 605 (1941). This decree is consistent with the court’s opinion that “as the risk grows greater, so does the duty, because the risk to be perceived defines the duty that must be undertaken.” McCain v. Florida Power Corp., 593 So.2d 500 (Fla. 1992).

Until 2005, this longstanding and reasonable principle of law applied to both individual private vehicle owners and billion dollar rental car agencies alike. However, with the passage into law of the Graves Amendment, the U.S. Congress and the Bush Administration (George W. Bush), allowed rental car agencies across the country to escape liability for serious personal injuries caused by their rental vehicles.

The constitutionality of the law is being challenged in courts across the nation. One of the main arguments in opposition to the federal law is that the individual states should be allowed to create laws that effect its own residents. The constitutionality issue will ultimately be decided by the U.S. Supreme Court.

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FRCP 1.720 and most court orders require parties to appear at mediation with “full authority” to settle without further consultation. See also Carbino v. Ward, 801 So.2d 1028 (Fla. 5th DCA 2001) and Physicians Protective Trust Fund v. Overman, 636 So.2d 827 (Fla. 5th DCA 1994).

A hypothetical personal injury case will be used here to illustrate the importance and meaning of the law:
The plaintiff’s last demand before mediation was $500,000, while the defendant has valued the case at $75,000. For the defendant to be in compliance with Rule 1.720, its representative must attend mediation with the authority to settle for $500,000 (or policy limits, whichever is less). This does not mean that the defendant must accept plaintiff’s demand. All it means is that the representative must have the authority to pay $500,000 without further consultation. (The rule is less clear as it relates to plaintiffs, especially when the defendant has not made a pre-mediation offer, but it is arguable that the plaintiff or its representative must be able to accept any proposal made by the defendant without further consultation.)

On its face, the rule may seem silly. However, it makes sense. The purpose of the rule is to encourage and promote the settlement of cases. The rule requires representatives to have flexibility to adjust to circumstances as they arise during mediation, even if it does not require the actual exercise of that flexibility. Without having the requisite “full authority”, a representative is unable to adjust his/her position during mediation. (Examples of circumstances that sometimes motivate parties to alter their views during mediation are endless. Some of the more common examples include: the presentation of explosive eyewitness affidavits; the surprise appearance of a newly-hired heavy-hitting top-gun trial lawyer in place of an inexperienced attorney; the surfacing of key missing documents; new test results; et cetera.)
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slip-and-fall.jpgCurrent Florida law allows individuals injured in slip & fall accidents to prove fault against business establishments through evidence of inadequate maintenance policies and procedures. Owens v. Publix Supermarkets, Inc., 802 So. 2d 315 (Fla. 2001) and Section 768.0710 Florida Statutes. If the 2010 Republican-dominated Florida Legislature has its way, this consumer-friendly law will be eliminated. (See Senate Bill 1224 and House Bill 689.) If so, businesses establishments will have one less reason to perform routine inspections and maintenance to keep their premises safe.

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In the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln declared that we are a “government of the people, by the people, for the people.” Sadly, this message has not registered with Florida lawmakers. (Please see this blog for a significant modification of this statement.)

As should be the case, individuals and corporations whose negligence causes harm in Florida must pay full compensation for the damage caused by those acts. (Major exception: doctors and medical facilities.) For example, if a civil jury renders a verdict against driver A in the amount of $1,000,000 for crashing into the rear of driver B at 60 mph while operating a company vehicle, a judgment in that amount will be entered by the court against driver A and the company. (Whether or not driver A and the company have the capacity to pay, through insurance or otherwise, is another issue.)

Unfortunately, this would not be the outcome if the at-fault vehicle were owned by the government. In that situation, Florida law (768.28(5)) nullifies the voice of the jury, only allowing the judge to enter a judgment against the government (e.g., city, state, governmental agency, village, etc.) in the amount of $100,000. That’s right. The government is not subject to the considered decision of the jury. If that isn’t bad enough, when the negligence occurs at the planning level stage, instead of at the operational stage, the government has absolute immunity from being sued. This means that a lawsuit will not be allowed to proceed against the government when the negligence occurs at the planning stage.

Parties held fully accountable for the consequences of their actions learn to modify their behavior for the better. Those not held accountable, do not learn or modify. This is the problem with Florida’s sovereign (i.e., government) immunity law. The sovereign acts with impunity because the consequences of its bad acts are de minimus. I say take away the government’s sovereign immunity. Make it equally accountable as private individuals and corporations. Maybe then the sovereign will act as it should, with due regard for the health, safety, and welfare of the people, instead of the other way around. As Abraham Lincoln famously said, we are a “government of the people, by the people, for the people.”
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